To learn the basic and useful commands of Linux that will help you to monitor and control the system in an efficient manner
To use Linux in an effective manner, you can use a terminal(command line) that gives you control over the operating system services. To use a command line for more control and quicker execution of tasks, you must know the basic commands. In this hands-on lab, we are going to learn the top basic Linux commands that help you to understand and use Linux systems in an effective manner. So let’s get started
What is a Linux command?
Linux command is a program or utility that runs on the command line. The command line is an interface that takes text from the user’s keyboard and processes them into instructions for your system. The Linux command line is case-sensitive.
Linux commands are basically used to perform multiple tasks, like handling different processes, monitoring the whole system, installing packages, file manipulating, handling system services, etc.
Syntax:
command [option(s)] <arguments>
command – is a small executable program located on a Linux disk (generally at /usr/local/bin location)
option(s) – works as a switch, used to pass the parameter to a program(command). It modifies or changes the execution of the command.
argument(s) – provides the required information for a command to execute.
Linux commands
The Linux system has a number of commands. In this hands-on lab, we will learn the top primary and most useful commands, which will help us understand the Linux system and complete some basic tasks.
Linux Commands Cheat Sheet
For quick reference, review the below table for basic Linux commands.
| Index | Command | Usage |
| 1 | man | This command provides a user manual for commands. |
| 2 | ls | This command lists the content of a directory. |
| 3 | cd | This command is used to change directory. |
| 4 | cp | This command is used to copy files and directories. |
| 5 | mv | This command is used to move or rename the files and directories. |
| 6 | cat | This command is used to show file content. |
| 7 | touch | This command is used to create a new empty file. |
| 8 | mkdir | This command is used to create directories. |
| 9 | rm | This command is used to delete(remove) file or directory (directory recursively can be deleted) |
| 10 | pwd | This command is used to print the working directory. |
| 11 | find | This command is used search the file in directories. |
| 12 | apt or apt-get | This command is used to install/update/delete the package as it is a package manager tool. |
| 13 | grep | This command is used to search and print the lines on a terminal that match the pattern. |
| 14 | less | This command is used to read/inspect files interactively (page wise) |
| 15 | head | Display first lines of a file (by default shows 10 lines) |
| 16 | tail | Display last lines of a file (by default shows 10 lines) |
| 17 | echo | Display text/string on terminal |
| 18 | ps | This command is used to print processes status from the linux system. |
| 19 | top | This command is used to print processes status and detailed information in real-time (dynamic) |
| 20 | sudo | This command is used to execute the command as a super user by giving root user privileges. |
| 21 | useradd | This command is used to add new users to the system. |
| 22 | passwd | This command is used to set passwords for users. |
| 23 | userdel | This command is used to delete user. |
| 24 | history | This command is used to show the list of previously executed commands |
Now, let’s dive deep into all the commands mentioned in the cheat sheet above one by one.
man command
man [OPTION]... [COMMAND NAME]...
This is one of the most useful commands in the Linux system. There are multiple commands(packages) with different functionalities and as a user/programmer who wants to get a user manual for that specific command. The man command provides detailed information about that specific command.
man mkdir
NOTE:If the above command doesn’t work , then run unminimize command and then again execute the man command.
MKDIR(1) User Commands MKDIR(1)
NAME
mkdir - make directories
SYNOPSIS
mkdir [OPTION]... DIRECTORY...
DESCRIPTION
Create the DIRECTORY(ies), if they do not already exist.
Mandatory arguments to long options are mandatory for short options
too.
-m, --mode=MODE
set file mode (as in chmod), not a=rwx - umaskTo exit the manual page press q.You can use the man --help command for more information about options.
ls Command
ls [options] [file...|directory..]
The ls command is used to display all the content (files and directories) from the current and other directories.
ls
And if you want to see all content along with hidden directories and files, you can use the -a option.
ls -a /etc
root@master:/etc# ls -a . dconf hosts mailcap profile ssh .. debconf.conf hosts.allow mailcap.order profile.d ssl .pwd.lock debian_version hosts.deny mdadm protocols subgid NetworkManager default init.d mime.types python3 subgid- X11 deluser.conf initramfs-tools mke2fs.conf python3.8 subuid adduser.conf depmod.d inputrc modprobe.d rc0.d subuid- alternatives dhcp iproute2 modules rc1.d sudoers apparmor dpkg iscsi modules-load.d rc2.d sudoers.d
The -foption is used to list the files without sorting.
ls -f *.conf /etc
root@master:/etc# ls -f *.conf adduser.conf deluser.conf gai.conf ld.so.conf nsswitch.conf resolv.conf xattr.conf ca-certificates.conf e2scrub.conf host.conf libaudit.conf overlayroot.local.conf sysctl.conf debconf.conf fuse.conf kernel-img.conf mke2fs.conf pam.conf ucf.conf
Few other important options for ls command
-l – option used for long listing format
-t – to sort files depends on modification time, priority is for newest file
-r – reverse the order
ls -ltr /etc
root@master:/etc# ls -ltr total 628 -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 887 Apr 1 2013 rpc -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 2932 Apr 1 2013 protocols -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 280 Jun 20 2014 fuse.conf -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 604 Sep 15 2018 deluser.conf -rw-r----- 1 root daemon 144 Nov 12 2018 at.deny -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 1260 Dec 14 2018 ucf.conf -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 2969 Aug 3 2019 debconf.conf
The hidden file and folder are shown as dot (.). For more information about options, you can use the ls –help command.
cd command
cd <directory path>
While using the terminal due to different tasks it’s important to move through the different directories. The cd command (change directory) is used to change the current working directory.
cd /etc/
root@master:~# cd /etc/ root@master:/etc#
For more information about options, you can use the cd --help command.
cp command
cp [option(s)] <source path> <destination path>
cp(copy) command stands for copying files and directories from the source path to the destination path. with the help of the cp command.
cp /etc/os-release /tmp/ ls /tmp/
root@master:~# cp /etc/os-release /tmp/ root@master:~# ls /tmp/ 90c64056-cc2c-4ab1-bf2b-483710782cb5 snap-private-tmp theia_upload github-remote systemd-private-18d3f426ac60466095bf08e28614578f-systemd-logind.service-R42Ifi tmp.TLTiecjcIl http-remote systemd-private-18d3f426ac60466095bf08e28614578f-systemd-resolved.service-2DHEyi os-release systemd-private-18d3f426ac60466095bf08e28614578f-systemd-timesyncd.service-S21i9h
You can also copy the whole directory in a recursive manner by using the “-r” option.
cp -r <source_dir_name> <destination path>
cp -r /tmp ~/temp ls ~/temp
root@master:~# cp -r /tmp ~/temp root@master:~# ls ~/temp 90c64056-cc2c-4ab1-bf2b-483710782cb5 snap-private-tmp theia_upload github-remote systemd-private-18d3f426ac60466095bf08e28614578f-systemd-logind.service-R42Ifi tmp.TLTiecjcIl http-remote systemd-private-18d3f426ac60466095bf08e28614578f-systemd-resolved.service-2DHEyi os-release systemd-private-18d3f426ac60466095bf08e28614578f-systemd-timesyncd.service-S21i9h
For more information about options, you can use thecp --help command.
mv command
mv [option(s)] <source path> <destination path>
mv(move) command is similar to the cp command, the difference between these two commands is the mv command is used to do cut-paste(move) or to rename the files or directories from your system.
For example: to move(cut-paste) one directory into another directory
mv <source_dir_name> <destination_dir_name>
mv /tmp/os-release /tmp/os-info ls /tmp/
root@master:~# mv /tmp/os-release /tmp/os-info root@master:~# ls /tmp/ 81678758-56d1-4a41-afdb-7e80089a65b8 systemd-private-a5aeebe8b1ef473e80fe727f834d8a29-systemd-logind.service-UQRQjg github-remote systemd-private-a5aeebe8b1ef473e80fe727f834d8a29-systemd-resolved.service-K9FpXe http-remote systemd-private-a5aeebe8b1ef473e80fe727f834d8a29-systemd-timesyncd.service-Fu3fFh os-info theia_upload
To rename any folder or file we can use the mv command
mv <old_file/dir_name> <new_file/dir_name>
mv ~/temp ~/temp_data ls ~/temp_data
root@master:~# mv ~/temp ~/temp_data root@master:~# ls ~/temp_data 81678758-56d1-4a41-afdb-7e80089a65b8 systemd-private-a5aeebe8b1ef473e80fe727f834d8a29-systemd-logind.service-UQRQjg github-remote systemd-private-a5aeebe8b1ef473e80fe727f834d8a29-systemd-resolved.service-K9FpXe http-remote systemd-private-a5aeebe8b1ef473e80fe727f834d8a29-systemd-timesyncd.service-Fu3fFh os-release theia_upload root@master:~# ls temp_data
For more information about options, you can use themv --help command.
cat command
cat [option(s)] <filename>
When you want the content of the file on the terminal, or if you want to write file content, or combine the output of files into another file we can use the cat(concatenate) command.
For example to display file content
cat /etc/os-release
In the below example, by using the “cat” command we are going to merge 2 files(filename1 and filename2) and store the output in 3rd file(filename).
cat filename1 filename2 > filename3
cat test1.txt test2.txt > test3.txt cat test3.txt
root@master:~# cat test1.txt test2.txt > test3.txt root@master:~# cat test3.txt In the Soviet Union in 1973, there is perhaps no greater honor for a young girl than to be chosen to be part of the famed USSR gymnastics program. So when eight-year-old Anya is tapped, her family is thrilled. As Anya moves up the ranks of competitive gymnastics, and as other girls move down, Anya soon comes to realize that there is very little margin of error for anyone. Winterland tells the story of a previous era, shockingly pertinent today, shaped by glory and loss and finding light where none exists. This is test2
the cat command can be used to create a new file and insert data into that file with the help of the > greater than sign. The file can be saved with the help of the ctrl+d keys. By using > the content of the existing file will be overwritten.
cat > test4.txt hello this is file number 4
root@master:/etc# cat > test4.txt hello this is file number 4 root@master:/etc# cat test4.txt hello this is file number 4
The cat<< EOF > file_name command can be used to create a new file, and also displays an end marker at the end of the file which saves the content till the given end marker. The file can be saved with the help of the ctrl+d or EOF word at end of the file.
cat << EOF > test5.txt This is ubuntu To see user info see /etc/passwd EOF
root@master:/etc/opt# cat << EOF > test5.txt > This is ubuntu > To see user info see /etc/passwd > EOF root@master:/etc/opt# cat test5.txt This is ubuntu To see user info see /etc/passwd
For more information about options, you can use the cat --helpcommand.
touch command
touch [option(s)]<file name>
To create a new empty file touch command is used.
touch file1.txt ls
touch file1.txt root@master:~# ls file1.txt temp_data test1.txt test2.txt test3.txt test4.txt test5.txt
To modify the timestamp of the file touch command is used with the -m option.
For more information about options, you can use the touch --help command.
mkdir command
mkdir [option(s)]<directory name>
To create a new directory(s) mkdir(make directory) command is used. The user must have the privilege to create a new directory.
for example to create a new directory.
mkdir linux ls -l
mkdir linux root@master:~# ls -l total 28 -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 0 Mar 29 07:17 file1.txt drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Mar 29 07:17 linux drwxr-xr-t 14 root root 4096 Mar 29 07:03 temp_data -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 512 Mar 29 07:06 test1.txt -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 14 Mar 29 07:07 test2.txt -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 526 Mar 29 07:09 test3.txt -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 29 Mar 29 07:11 test4.txt -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 10 Mar 29 07:15 test5.txt
-p or --parents command is used to create subdirectories.
mkdir -p ~/app/frontend ls -l ~/app
root@master:~# mkdir -p ~/app/frontend root@master:~# ls -l ~/app total 4 drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Mar 29 07:18 frontend
Also to create a directory with full permissions(read, write, execute) you can use the -m (mode) option.
mkdir -m 777 <directory name>
mkdir -m 777 fullpermission ls -l
For more information about options, you can use the mkdir --help command.
rm command
rm [option(s)] <file/directory name>
The rm(remove) command is used to delete files or directories.
rm /tmp/os-info ls -l /tmp/
you can use the -r (recursive) option to delete an empty directory.
rm -r <directory name>
To delete a directory with content inside of it, you can use (force) -f and (recursive) -r options.
rm -rf <directory name>
rm -rf ~/temp_data
For more information about options, you can use the rm --help command.
pwd command
pwd <options>
To get the absolute path of the current working directory on the terminal the pwd(present working directory) is used.
pwd
root@master:~# pwd /root
For more information about options, you can use the pwd --help command.
find command
find [option(s)] [path] <expression>
To search files in the directory find command is used. The find command takes the regex expression With the -name option.
find -name <expression>
find /etc -name opt
root@master:~# find /etc -name opt /etc/opt
For more information about options, you can use the find --help command.
apt or apt-get command
apt install <package name>
To install, update, and remove any software(pkg) from the system the apt command is used. It is a package management tool that helps to manage software(pkg) and its dependencies as well.
apt update && apt install mysql-server -y
root@master:~# apt update && apt install mysql-server -y Hit:1 http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu focal InRelease Get:2 https://deb.nodesource.com/node_12.x focal InRelease [4583 B] Get:3 http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu focal-updates InRelease [114 kB] Get:4 https://dl.yarnpkg.com/debian rc InRelease [17.1 kB] Err:4 https://dl.yarnpkg.com/debian rc InRelease The following signatures were invalid: EXPKEYSIG 23E7166788B63E1E Yarn Packaging <yarn@dan.cx> Get:5 http://security.ubuntu.com/ubuntu focal-security InRelease [114 kB] Get:6 http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu focal-backports InRelease [108 kB] Get:7 https://deb.nodesource.com/node_12.x focal/main amd64 Packages [774 B]
Some of the most commonly used options are update, upgrade, etc.
Update– it synchronizes package files from their source files.
Upgrade– it installs the latest dependencies of installed packages.For example-
For more information about options, you can use the apt --help command.
grep command
grep [option(S)] <search string> <file name>
To search specific string from a file grep(global regular expression print) command is used. This is one of the most common command. It prints all lines that match the regular expression.
cat /etc/os-release | grep VERSION
root@master:~# cat /etc/os-release | grep VERSION VERSION="20.04.3 LTS (Focal Fossa)" VERSION_ID="20.04" VERSION_CODENAME=focal
For more information about options, you can use the grep --help command.
less command
less [option(s)] <file_name>
less command helps you to read large files page-wise. less command helps you to inspect files backward and forward manner. The less command doesn’t load the entire file, it loads in parts which makes it easy to read the large file. To come out from this terminal press q
less /boot/grub/grub.cfg
or
you can also use this
cat /boot/grub/grub.cfg | less
# # DO NOT EDIT THIS FILE # # It is automatically generated by grub-mkconfig using templates # from /etc/grub.d and settings from /etc/default/grub # ### BEGIN /etc/grub.d/00_header ### if [ -s $prefix/grubenv ]; then set have_grubenv=true load_env
For more information about options, you can use the less --help command.
head command
head [option(s)] <file_name>
The head command is used to display the first line’s content from a file. by default, it shows the first 10 lines of the file. It prints N number of data of given input. It also considers blank lines not only text lines.
For example to see the first 10 lines from the file.
cat -n /boot/grub/grub.cfg | head
root@master:~# cat -n /boot/grub/grub.cfg | head
1 #
2 # DO NOT EDIT THIS FILE
3 #
4 # It is automatically generated by grub-mkconfig using templates
5 # from /etc/grub.d and settings from /etc/default/grub
6 #
7
8 ### BEGIN /etc/grub.d/00_header ###
9 if [ -s $prefix/grubenv ]; then
10 set have_grubenv=trueFor more information about options, you can use the head --help command.
tail command
tail [option(s)] <file_name>
The tail command is opposite to the head command it is used to display the last line’s content from a file. by default, it shows the last 10 lines of the file. It prints N number of data of given input. It also considers blank lines not only text lines. The tail command is useful for reading the error message.
For example to see the first 10 lines from the file.
cat -n /boot/grub/grub.cfg | tail
root@master:~#cat -n /boot/grub/grub.cfg | tail
295 # the 'exec tail' line above.
296 ### END /etc/grub.d/40_custom ###
297
298 ### BEGIN /etc/grub.d/41_custom ###
299 if [ -f ${config_directory}/custom.cfg ]; then
300 source ${config_directory}/custom.cfg
301 elif [ -z "${config_directory}" -a -f $prefix/custom.cfg ]; then
302 source $prefix/custom.cfg;
303 fi
304 ### END /etc/grub.d/41_custom ###For more information about options, you can use the tail --help command.
echo command
echo [option(s)]<string>
The echo command is used to display text/string which is passed as an argument on the terminal. This command is mostly used in shell script and batch files to give output on screen or to insert data into a file.
echo "This is ubuntu"
root@master:/etc# echo "This is ubuntu" This is ubuntu
echo * command will print all present files/directories, it’s similar to the ls command.
echo *
root@master:~# echo * app file1.txt fullpermission linux test1.txt test2.txt test3.txt test4.txt test5.txt
NOTE: – echo /etc/* command is similar to cd /etc && echo *
Also, to create a new file and redirect the echo command output to the file by using > OR >> rather than printing it on the screen. When you use the > operator, the file will be overwritten. If the file does not exist, it will be created by using the > OR >> operator
echo "This is file1" > file1.txt cat file1.txt
when you use the >> operator, the data get appended to the file.
echo "file1 is modified" >> file1.txt cat file1.txt
For more information about options, you can use the echo --help command.
ps command
ps [options(s)]<optional paramter>
To list out the currently running process in the shell ps command is used. It gives a snapshot and useful information on the running process. It gives information like PID(process ID), TTY(type of the terminal), TIME(running time), CMD(executed command), etc.
ps
There are multiple options for example if you want to see all running processes.
ps -A
root@master:~# ps -A
PID TTY TIME CMD
1 ? 00:00:01 systemd
2 ? 00:00:00 kthreadd
3 ? 00:00:00 rcu_gp
4 ? 00:00:00 rcu_par_gp
6 ? 00:00:00 kworker/0:0H-kblockd
8 ? 00:00:00 mm_percpu_wq
9 ? 00:00:00 ksoftirqd/0
10 ? 00:00:00 rcu_sched
11 ? 00:00:00 migration/0
12 ? 00:00:00 cpuhp/0If you want to display all process(a) with user name(u), which are executing(x), you can use the ps command.
ps aux
root@master:/etc# ps aux USER PID %CPU %MEM VSZ RSS TTY STAT START TIME COMMAND root 1 0.0 0.5 101428 10744 ? Ss 18:21 0:01 /sbin/init root 2 0.0 0.0 0 0 ? S 18:21 0:00 [kthreadd] root 3 0.0 0.0 0 0 ? I< 18:21 0:00 [rcu_gp] root 4 0.0 0.0 0 0 ? I< 18:21 0:00 [rcu_par_gp] root 6 0.0 0.0 0 0 ? I< 18:21 0:00 [kworker/0:0H-kblockd] root 8 0.0 0.0 0 0 ? I< 18:21 0:00 [mm_percpu_wq] root 9 0.0 0.0 0 0 ? S 18:21 0:00 [ksoftirqd/0]
For more information about options, you can use the ps --help command.
top command
top <option(s)>
The top (table of processes) command is used to monitor the CPU performance. The top command is similar to the ps command, but the difference between these two commands is, the top command displays real-time data. the top command gives detailed information. The first top section of the top command displays statistics of the overall running process and usage of the system, and the second part contains a list of currently running processes.
top
top - 19:26:44 up 1 min, 0 users, load average: 0.07, 0.05, 0.01
Tasks: 84 total, 1 running, 83 sleeping, 0 stopped, 0 zombie
%Cpu(s): 0.8 us, 0.2 sy, 0.0 ni, 99.0 id, 0.0 wa, 0.0 hi, 0.0 si, 0.0 st
MiB Mem : 1949.3 total, 1526.6 free, 128.1 used, 294.5 buff/cache
MiB Swap: 0.0 total, 0.0 free, 0.0 used. 1796.3 avail Mem
PID USER PR NI VIRT RES SHR S %CPU %MEM TIME+ COMMAND
434 root 20 0 903296 64264 33164 S 2.0 3.2 0:02.33 node
496 root 20 0 1151992 38044 29488 S 1.0 1.9 0:00.54 node
433 root 20 0 572224 41024 30192 S 0.3 2.1 0:00.37 node
545 root 20 0 7852 3600 3112 R 0.3 0.2 0:00.04 top
1 root 20 0 101416 10888 8344 S 0.0 0.5 0:01.04 systemd
2 root 20 0 0 0 0 S 0.0 0.0 0:00.00 kthreadd
3 root 0 -20 0 0 0 I 0.0 0.0 0:00.00 rcu_gp
4 root 0 -20 0 0 0 I 0.0 0.0 0:00.00 rcu_par_gp Top command provides information such as
- PID– process ID which is unique for each process
- USER– user name of (owner) process
- PR– Process Priority, As lower the number higher in priority(-20 have higher priority-20 have less priority)
- NI– The nice value of task (-ve value have higher priority than +ve value).
- VIRT– The Total virtual memory used by the process.
- RES– Physical RAM used by the process in kilobytes(kb)
- SHR– Shared memory size used by the process in kilobytes (kb)
- S– Process status, It can be anything between {
D– uninterruptible sleep stateI– idle stateR– running stateS– sleeping stateT– stopped by a job control signal statet– stopped by debugger during trace stateZ– zombie(process are stopped but still exist in the process table) }
- %CPU – CPU usage by a process in percentage.
- %MEM – memory usage of a process in percentage.
- TIME+ – CPU time (time from the start of the process )
- COMMAND – A command which is used to start the process.
For more information about options, you can use the top --help command.
sudo command
sudo <command>
To assign super user privilege or root user privilege sudo(superuser do) command is used. You have just to add the sudo command before the others’ command. The sudo command is commonly used to install software or edit files, which normal user cant edit.
For example to download package information from all configured sources
sudo apt update
root@master:/etc# sudo apt update Hit:1 https://deb.nodesource.com/node_12.x focal InRelease Get:2 https://dl.yarnpkg.com/debian rc InRelease [17.1 kB] Err:2 https://dl.yarnpkg.com/debian rc InRelease The following signatures were invalid: EXPKEYSIG 23E7166788B63E1E Yarn Packaging <yarn@dan.cx> Hit:3 http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu focal InRelease Hit:4 http://security.ubuntu.com/ubuntu focal-security InRelease
For more information about options, you can use the sudo --help command.
useradd command
useradd or adduser [option(s)] <username>
To create a new user in the linux system useradd or adduser the command is used. These two commands are the same. you can see the new user name in the /etc/passwd file. Only those users who have root privilege or sudo can add a new user. adduser also requires a new password for that new user.
useradd ubuntu007
root@master:~# useradd ubuntu007 root@master:~# cat /etc/passwd | grep ubuntu007 ubuntu007:x:1001:1001::/home/ubuntu007:/bin/sh
For more information about options, you can use the passwd --help command.
passwd command
passwd <user name>
To set a new password for the user passwd(password) command is used. you can see the new password for that specific user in the /etc/shadow file in an encrypted format. Superusers have the privilege to change passwords for other users as well.
passwd ubuntu007
root@master:~# passwd ubuntu007 New password: Retype new password: passwd: password updated successfully
For more information about options, you can use the passwd --help command.
userdel command
userdel [options] LOGIN
To delete a user account and related files to that user userdel command is used. It deletes entries from the user’s list (/etc/passwd) as well. Superusers have the privilege to delete other users as well.
for example, by using -f used to forcefully remove the user account even if the user is still logged in. It also deletes the user’s home directory and mail spool (/var/spool/mail or /cron).
userdel -f <username>
userdel -f ubuntu007
root@master:~# userdel ubuntu007 root@master:~# cat /etc/passwd | grep ubuntu007
For more information about options, you can use the userdel --help command.
history command
history [option(s)]
To see previously executed commands by the user on the terminal history command is used. This command list up to 500 commands.
history
root@master:~# history
1 top
2 apt update
3 clear
4 sudo apt update
5 clear
6 cd /etc/
7 sudo apt update
8 useradd ubuntu007
9 cat /etc/passwd | grep ubuntu007
10 passwd ubuntu007
11* userdel
12 /var/spool/clea
13 clear
14 userdel -f ubuntu007For more information about options, you can use the history --help command.
Conclusion
If you want to learn and use Linux effectively, you must know the basic commands. The more you practice and use Linux commands, the better you will do productive work. In this hands-on lab, you learned the most used basic commands to take control of your system’s privileges.
There are lots of more helpful commands. If we have left something out, please let us know and share your favorite Basic Linux commands in the comment section.
In the next hands-on lab, you will learn about Advanced Linux commands to perform Administrator tasks. Have Great learning!
